Frontline resource · Budget and finance

Budgeting for public safety workforce costs

Personnel costs dominate most police and fire budgets. Yet turnover — one of the biggest drivers of overtime and training spending — is rarely budgeted as its own line. Making it visible helps finance leaders weigh retention investments properly.

Last reviewed · 3 min read · Frontline for Public Safety

Where turnover hides in the budget

  • Overtime lines inflated by vacancy coverage
  • Recruiting, testing and background costs in HR budgets
  • Academy and field training costs
  • Leave payouts at separation
  • Equipment reissue

Modeling the cost

Expected departures (headcount times turnover rate) multiplied by cost per departure gives an annual turnover cost. Comparing that figure with the cost of retention programs shows the break-even point.

Frontline's planning model uses national benchmarks: an 8% annual turnover rate, about $70,000 per departure, and a 2.7% retention improvement, plus Section 125 savings of about $1,230 per participating employee per year.

Best practices

  • Follow GFOA budgeting best practices for multi-year personnel forecasting
  • Separate vacancy overtime from event and court overtime
  • Report vacancy rates and time-to-fill alongside the budget
  • Evaluate retention programs over a multi-year horizon

Try the impact calculator

Frontline's calculator estimates one-year and five-year retention value and Section 125 savings for your agency based on participation — a starting point for budget conversations.

Sources and further reading

See what retention is worth to your agency.

Frontline's impact calculator estimates one-year and five-year retention value and Section 125 savings based on participation.