Frontline resource · Workforce cost

How turnover drives overtime and vacancy costs

An empty chair is rarely free. When a position sits vacant, the work usually still has to happen — often through overtime — and when it is finally filled, the organization pays to recruit, hire and train a replacement. This guide helps finance and budget leaders see the full cost of turnover and present it clearly.

Last reviewed · 3 min read · Frontline for Public Safety

The components of turnover cost

  • Separation: leave payouts and administrative processing
  • Vacancy: overtime or contract coverage, and lost productivity
  • Recruitment: advertising, testing, background checks, medical and psychological screening
  • Onboarding: academy or orientation time, field training, equipment
  • Lost experience: the time until a new hire is fully productive

The overtime loop

In police, fire, detention and dispatch, minimum staffing means vacant shifts are filled with overtime. Some overtime is normal; sustained mandatory overtime is a risk signal. Fatigue and missed time at home contribute to burnout, which can lead to more departures and more overtime.

How to present it to council

  • Show overtime by department over time, and how much is tied to vacancies
  • Estimate replacement cost per position using your own figures where available
  • Frame retention investment as cost avoidance, with modeled rather than guaranteed outcomes

Model it for your organization

Frontline's impact calculator estimates the potential value of retention and Section 125 savings using national benchmarks. Results are illustrative, not guaranteed.

Frontline's planning model uses national benchmarks: an 8% annual turnover rate, about $70,000 per departure, and a 2.7% retention improvement, plus Section 125 savings of about $1,230 per participating employee per year.

Sources and further reading

See what retention is worth to your agency.

Frontline's impact calculator estimates one-year and five-year retention value and Section 125 savings based on participation.

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